HAHR Style Sheet (last updated 10/20/05)
General | Accents | Capitalization | Dates | Ellipses and extracts | Hyphenation |
Spacing | Spelling | Italics and roman | Endnotes | Abbreviations | Place of publication | Books | Book Chapters | Unpublished Ph.D. dissertations | Multivolume citation | Journals and newspapers | Newspapers | Interviews | Archival sources | Tables | Figures

General

In general, the form of material published in the HAHR will follow the latest editions of the Chicago Manual of Style (15th edition) for style and Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th edition) for spelling.

Accents

Do not place accents on initial caps in Spanish (do, however, use accents on capital letters in French). Accentuation should follow the language of the citation. Thus Peru in an English context, but Perú in a Spanish one. Note that in documents the original accent marks should be preserved; with historical documents this means that a lack of accents should not be corrected. However, in titles and names of manuscripts, such corrections should be made.

Capitalization

Prospective authors should pay particular attention to the forms used in capitalization of historical periods, geographical regions, and institutions. For example, only capitalize institutions when referring to a specific one: a national bank, but the National Bank of Argentina, or better yet, Banco Nacional de la Argentina, giving the title in the original language.

blacks
church (but Catholic Church)
conquest
creole
crown
diaspora (other than Jewish)
discovery
duque (the duke of Edinburgh, conde de Monterrey, etc.)
mestizo
preconquest
white

Capitalize the following terms:

Restored Republic
Epic Revolution
the Empire (Brazil)
the Andean cordillera
Indians
Inquisition
Marxist
Liberal (party member)
Conservative (party member)
Communist (party member, but "communist thinking, etc.)
the Spanish Conquest
Mesoamerican
the Mexican Revolution (but, the revolution led to...)
New World
Western Hemisphere, Western culture (but western Europe)
Late Postclassic period
West Africa, East Africa, East Asia, North Africa, but central Africa

Personalistic political factions such as Rosistas or Villistas should be capitalized and not italicized. When in doubt about capitalization, however, the rule of thumb is to use the lowercase. When making reference in your text to subdivisions of a book, use volume 4, chapter 17, and part 1. When referring to tables, figures, charts, etc. in your article, use lowercase: (see table 1), in chart 6 the left column, etc.

Small caps are used only for A.M., P.M., B.C., and A.D. Acronyms and Roman numeral style dates are not placed in small caps.

Dates

Note the following date forms which should be used consistently in the body of the text:
September 4, 1951
September 1951
1880s
seventeenth-century (adj.) spelling persisted into the eighteenth century (n.)
In September 1951,
late nineteenth-century intellectuals
mid-eighteenth-century intellectuals
early twentieth-century protests
mid- to late-nineteenth-century political disturbances
in the late nineteenth century
midcentury crisis
after midcentury
history of the mid–nineteenth century
late colonial Mexico
early colonial disputes In notes, however, the following format must be used, setting the day first and abbreviating the months when possible:
15 Mar. 1826
21 Aug. 1723
Thus:
... see Iguarán to Ospina, Santa Marta, 28 Oct. 1922; Román to Ospina, Cartagena, 4 Mar. 1923; ...

In beginning a sentence a comma is not used after a year unless the year is preceded by a month:
In 1915 Carranza started…
In August 1915, Carranza started…

Ellipses and extracts

Extracts should be used for quoted material that covers more than eight manuscript lines. Quotes that are less than eight lines should be run in to the body of main text. Ellipsis points should be avoided at the beginning and end of quoted sentences, particularly at the beginning. At the end of quoted material ellipsis points indicate a broken and incomplete sentence, or an incomplete train of thought, series of items, etc. Within extracts ellipsis points are used at the beginning or end of paragraphs when material is left out at the end or beginning of the quoted paragraphs.

Hyphenation

The terms Latin American and Hispanic American are not hyphenated, even when used adjectivally, unless they appear hyphenated in the title of a book or article, in the name of an institution, or in a quotation. Check Chicago Manual of Style, table 6.1.

Numbers

Use a comma with numbers of four or more digits: 1,253; but for page citations the comma is not used, e.g.: Smith 1:2194–95. Spell out all numbers under 11, unless they are located in the same sequence with other numbers larger than 11 that refer to the same category:
nine soldiers
but
9 soldiers, 16 horses, and 12 canons
Spell out hundreds and thousands following the same rules as above: spell numbers 1–10; use digits otherwise:
two hundred
six thousand
but
11,000
35,000

Percentages should always be numerical, e.g. 3 percent.
For continuous years and numbers use the following format
1878–82
pages 55–57
pages 107–9
pages 118–19
pages 145–76

Separate numerical ranges with an n-dash, which is easily inserted in Microsoft Word using [cntrl]-[minus] (minus sign on the number pad)

In footnotes, use % rather than percent. Do not use % in main body of text, however.

Punctuation
Use a comma before the conjunction joining the last item in a series of three or more:
. . . three turtle doves, two french hens, and a partridge in a pear tree.

Spacing

Single spaces should be used after all punctuation. The only exception is in endnotes after the colon of volume numbers that are followed by page numbers. Here no space should be used (e.g. 3:234). Endnote numbers should be indented three spaces in the endnotes, with no raised number. In the text raised endnote numbers should be used following punctuation (for all languages).

Spelling

Miriam Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary is generally used as the definitive source for spelling. However, the 10th Collegiate is freely and readily available on line at www.webster.com and can be used fruitfully to check spelling variants. Please exercise diligence when spelling foreign names and words, especially with accents.

Note the conventional spellings for the following, particularly in regard to accents:

afterward
archaeology (and derived words)
Audiencia of Quito; the audiencia
Argentinean
Bourbon reforms
bypass
by-product
conquistadores
Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Revolution
Cuzco
decision maker, decision making
decision making
Ecuadoran
firsthand (etc.)
forward
Guaman Poma de Ayala
Guarani
Habsburg
half century
Hernán Cortés
in-depth
industrial revolution
ladino
limelight
Lázaro Cárdenas
metalworker
Mexican Revolution
midcentury
mid–nineteenth century
mid-nineteenth-century elite
mind-set
more or less
mulattos
nation building (noun)
pathbreaking
real estate values
regime
republican (other than Republican Party)
royalist
Hilda Sabato
Jorge Sábato
Sacsayhuaman
Salvadoran
slave owner
slaveholding/slaveholder
smallpox
state formation
state making (noun)
sugar mill
Tawantinsuyu
teachers’ union
Tenochtitlán
Teotihuacán
toward
twofold
vice president
War of Independence
wars of independence
yanqui
Yucatán
sugarcane

Italics and roman

Use italics for:
first occurrence of foreign terms (include gloss in paretheses)
words used as words/terms
“The term Inca was not fully understood in the early colonial period; it was...”
units of measure not found in dictionary
alqueires
caballería
cova
cuerda
fanega
varas castellanas
laws, etc. (ley de inmigración)

Use roman for
words found in Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition.
subsequent usage of foreign words
factions: Cristeros; Delahuertismo; Peronismo; Personalistas, Zapatismo
monetary units: colones, milreis, peso, real, reis
natives of particular towns:
Carioca
Michoacano
Morelense
Porteño (citizen of the province of Buenos Aires)
porteño (inhabitant of any port)
Yucateco (the citizen), yucateco (the adjective)
official buildings: the Casa Rosada
organizations and agencies
El Colegio de México
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
most words ending in:
-ado
-ero
-eño
-ienda
-ismo
-zaje

Endnotes

For general style, follow Chicago Manual of Style "Documentation One" style (humanities style)

Abbreviations

“Op. cit.” is never used. Instead, use the author’s last name and short title, whether or not more than one work by the same author is cited.
Ibid., idem, and passim are not italicized.
Include the place of publication and the publisher’s name.
Omit the abbreviations “p.” and “pp.” unless the page number immediately follows another number (as in the date of a newspaper citation or in certain archival references).
Words to be abbreviated in endnotes include:
bk.
ca.
chap.
diss.
ed. (editor; editorial; for ediciones, spell out, e.g. Ed. Costa Rica, but Ediciones Revolución)
esp. (especially)
exp. (expediente)
fol. / fols.
intro.
impr. (=imprenta)
leg.
ms. (mss.)
n. (nn.)
no. (nos.)
p. (pp.)
RG
sec.
ser.
trans.
Univ. (e.g Cambridge Univ. Press; Univ. de Costa Rica)
vol.

Place of publication

For university presses in Latin America do not include “Editorial de la...”
(Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1987)

Abbreviate months with more than four letters for dates in endnotes, e.g. 4 Sept. 1951 (i.e. all months are always abbreviated except May, June, and July).
Page citations should appear as 445–87, not 445–487. The same applies to year citations, except in titles and headings.
The first line of each note should be indented three spaces and the accompanying number is not raised.

Copublishers are separated by a slash:
Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica / Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Mexico City: Fondo de Cultural Económica / Univ. Nacional Autónoma de México
Original publication dates may be included as follows:
... (1900; Buenos Aires: Losada, 1961), 106.

Books

First entry: Raúl P. Saba, Political Development and Democracy (Boulder: Westview, 1975).
Shortened form: Saba, Political Development, 122–23.

First entry: Marcos Cueto, ed., Missionaries of Science: The Rockefeller Foundation in Latin America (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press)
Shortened form: Cueto, Missionaries of Science, 23–25.

Book Chapters

First entry: E. Bradford Burns, “Cultures in Conflict: The Implication of Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Latin America,” in Elites, Masses, and Modernization in Latin America, 1850–1930, ed. Virginia Bernhard (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1979), 22–23.

Shortened form: Burns, “Cultures in Conflict,” 33.

If the first citation of an article in a book refers to an edited book already cited in a reference to a previous article, the following form is used (i.e. in the following Bernhard’s book would already have been mentioned in a previous footnote):
E. Bradford Burns, “Cultures in Conflict: The Implication of Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Latin America,” in Bernhard, Elites, Masses, and Modernization, 22–23.

Unpublished Ph.D. dissertations

Gabriel J. Haslip, “Crime and the Administration of Justice in Colonial Mexico City, 1696–1810” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia Univ., 1980), 170.

Multivolume citation

First entry: Félix Garzón Maceda, La medicina en Córdoba: apuntes para su historia, 3 vols. (Buenos Aires: Talleres Gráficos Rodrigues Giles, 1916–17), 2:323–39.

Shortened form: Garzón Maceda, La medicine en Córdoba, 1:115.

Note that the publication dates should be for the entire multivolume set. When only a separately titled single volume is cited from a multivolume work, use the following form

Juarez Távora, Una vida e muitas lutas: memórias, vol. 2, A caminhada no altiplano (Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército, 1976), 177.

Shortened form: Távora, Caminhada no altiplano, 165.

For individually titled and written (or edited) volumes in a collection, give the title of the complete work, but omit the series or general editor. For both English and other language short forms, omit initial articles.

Journals and newspapers

When citing articles from periodicals, the volume number appears in Arabic numerals joined by a colon and followed by the year of publication in parentheses, then page numbers. Do not use issue numbers or months unless issues are not numbered consecutively through the year (but for journals not so numbered, e.g. the Latin American Research Review, the issue number must be given)

Antonine Tibesar, O.F.M., “The Alternativa: Spanish-Creole Relations in Seventeenth-Century Peru,” The Americas 11 (1955).

Jeffrey W. Rubin, “Decentering the Regime: Culture and Regional Politics in Mexico,” Latin American Research Review 31, no. 3 (1996).

Newspapers
Give the date and, for the first citation only (in parentheses), the city of publication, unless it is evident from the text. Give page number if possible but omit column number, as well as volume issue number.

La Prensa (Managua), 10 Oct. 1946, p. 7.

Interviews

Identify person interviewed, place, and date.

Archival sources

The primary purpose of archival citations is to allow the reader to locate the document. There is some flexibility concerning the format of archival citations, but your general goal should be to provide necessary information but not repeat or overburden the reader with details. And, although our readership is largely bilingual, English-language articles should use English terms for the most part.

Title. Identify the document Titles of unpublished works are not italicized. Avoid unnecessary detail. You may use ellipses to shorten lengthy titles. Consider the date of the document as part of its title. Titles such as Report of…, Minutes of …., etc. do not need quotation marks. When in doubt, omit quotes from actual or descriptive title.

Author. For a letter or dispatch, give name of writer (complete only on first reference), name of addressee, place of writing, date. In the case of governmental documentation that is filed by an administrative unit, it is more important to cite the office held by the correspondent than to give the officeholder’s name.

Location. Proceed from the larger to the smaller and more specific indications. Thus, (1) name of archive in language of country, and (on first citation only) location of the archive; (2) section or subdivision of the archive; (3) volume or other equivalent such as legajo, using Arabic, not Roman, numerals. Preference is to provide locating information in English (e.g., “box” rather than “caja” or “caixa”). Recto and verso references are not usually necessary; however, when needed, use a Roman lowercase without intervening space or punctuation, e.g. fol. 459v and 400r. Archives cited more than once should be abbreviated, usually with initials without period (except that U.S. always appears with periods).

First entry:

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento to Juan Pujol, Buenos Aires, 22 May 1860, Archivo General de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Archivo del General Justo José de Urquiza (hereafter cited as AGN, Urquiza), leg. 67.

Lefebre de Bécourt to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mexico City, 23 Sept. 1861, Archives du Département des Affaires Etrangéres, Paris (hereafter cited as AAE), Correspondence Politique (hereafter cited as CP), vol. 38, fol. 231.

Eduardo Barrientos (Alcalde of Izalco) to Governor of Sonsonate, 1886, AGN-CG-SO.

Shortened forms:
Sarmiento to Pujol, report, Buenos Aires, 22 May 1860, AGN, Urquiza, leg. 67.

Lefebre de Bécourt to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mexico City, 23 Sept. 1861, AAE, CP, vol. 38, fol. 231.

If you will be citing and abbreviating many different archives, you may include this information below your acknowledgements at the beginning of your endnotes:

This article is based on material consulted in the following Spanish archives: Archivo General de Indias, Seville; Archivo General de Simancas; and Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid (hereafter abbreviated as AGI, AGS, and AHN, respectively).

Tables, Graphs, and Illustrations

Tables
Follow the instructions presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (15th edition). Please convert all tables to your word processor’s table features. Excel tables are easy to build, but it is more difficult to control formatting, foreign accents, and so on.

When laying out large or complex tables, keep an eye toward readability, and remember that the text area of HAHR pages is approximately 4.5 inches wide and 7.5 inches deep. We will not reduce print size to accommodate large or ungainly tables. It is often easier to break up data into several smaller tables. Tables that are moderately wide and very long can be broken across several pages, and tables that are relatively wide but only moderately long can be set on their side. But tables that are both very wide and very long present many design challenges! The editors reserve the right to rearrange table layouts to fit the demands of uniformity, sizing, and comprehensibility

Title
Table 1: The Army of Peru, 1760 and 1776.

In the text, please indicate the correct placement of the table by writing and centering the following text:
[INSERT TABLE 1]

Figures, maps, graphs, and illustrations

We encourage authors to include relevant visual materials with their submissions. There is no limit, per se, to the number of figures that you may include with your submission. We will take into account the amount of visual materials when calculating the rough length of your submission, however. A half-page illustration is the rough equivalent of 200-250 words, while a full-page illustration occupies as much space as 400-500 words of text.

When initially submitting a manuscript, it is easiest if you save any illustrations as low-resolution JPEG files and embed them directly into your manuscript file. We will, however, accept accompanying images in just about any format (including Excel files for graphic data). If your manuscript is accepted for publication, we will expect you to provide either high resolution digital files (200 dpi minimum) or original copy. Any originals will be returned to the author after the issue is printed. Image quality is a frequent concern: 72 dpi images copied from the Web or photocopies of newspaper photos, for example, reproduce very poorly.

Authors will be responsible for working with the the copyright holder (for published works under copyright protection) or archival respository (for unpublished works) to secure permission to reproduce imagery and cover any associated fees.

Include a list of captions with your submission.